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<title>Geranium maculatum</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Geranium maculatum</i></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Old Maid's Nightcap" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Old_Maid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Old Maid (disambiguation)">Old Maid (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wood geranium" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="Wood_cranesbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood cranesbill">wood cranesbill</a> or woodland geranium, <i>G. sylvaticum</i>.</div>
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</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Geranium maculatum</i>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">
</td></tr>
<tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><br>Secure <small> (<a href="NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div>
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<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>
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<td>Kingdom:
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<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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<td><a href="Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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<td><a href="Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a>
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<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a>
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<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a>
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<tr class="taxonrow">
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a href="Geranium" title="Geranium"><i>Geranium</i></a>
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<td>Species:
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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>G. maculatum</b></i></div>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Geranium maculatum</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div>
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<p><i><b>Geranium maculatum</b></i>, the <b>wild geranium</b>, <b>spotted geranium</b>, or <b>wood geranium</b>, is a <a href="Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial plant</a> native to <a href="Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a> in eastern North America, from southern Manitoba and southwestern Quebec south to Alabama and Georgia and west to Oklahoma and South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div>
<p>It is known as <b>spotted cranesbill</b> or <b>wild cranesbill</b> in Europe, but the wood cranesbill is another plant, the related <a href="Geranium_sylvaticum" title="Geranium sylvaticum"><i>G. sylvaticum</i></a> (a European native called "woodland geranium" in North America). Colloquial names are <b>alum root</b>, <b>alum bloom</b> and <b>old maid's nightcap</b>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div>
<p>It grows in dry to moist woods and is normally abundant when found.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>
<p>It is a <a href="Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plant</a> growing to 60 cm (2 ft) tall, producing upright, usually unbranched stems and flowers in spring to early summer. The <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are palmately lobed with five or seven deeply cut lobes, 10–12.5 cm (4–5 in) broad, with a <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> up to 30 cm (12 in) long arising from the <a href="Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>. They are deeply parted into three or five divisions, each of which is again cleft and toothed.
</p><p>The flowers are 2.5–4 cm (1.0–1.6 in) in diameter, with five rose-purple, pale or violet-purple (rarely white) petals and ten stamens. In the Northern Hemisphere, they appear from April to June (precise dates depend on the latitude).<sup id="cite_ref-bf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grouped in loose <a href="Corymb" title="Corymb">corymbs</a> or <a href="Umbel" title="Umbel">umbels</a> of two to five at the top of the <a href="Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">flower stems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-illinois_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The fruit capsule, which springs open when ripe, consists of five cells each containing one <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> joined to a long beak-like column 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long (resembling a <a href="Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>'s bill) produced from the center of the old flower.<sup id="cite_ref-bf_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> is long, and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) thick, with numerous branches. It is covered with scars, showing the remains of stems of previous years' growth. When dry it has a somewhat purplish color internally.<sup id="cite_ref-gleason_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gleason-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div>
<p>The plant is well-known in cultivation, and numerous <a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been developed. The cultivar 'Elizabeth Ann' has gained the <a href="Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RHSPF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div>
<p>The plant has been used in <a href="Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>, and is also grown as a garden plant. Wild geranium is considered an astringent, a substance that causes contraction of the tissues and stops bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfaf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> brewed a root tea for toothache and for painful nerves and mashed the roots for treating hemorrhoids.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geranium_maculatum" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Geranium maculatum">Geranium maculatum</a></span>.</div></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFNatureServe2025" class="citation web cs1">NatureServe (4 April 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128506/Geranium_maculatum">"<i>Geranium maculatum</i>"</a>. <i>NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer</i>. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-grin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grin_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=314414">"<i>Geranium maculatum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bf_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bf_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bf_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">BorealForest: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/wild_geranium.htm"><i>Geranium maculatum</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Missouriplants: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouriplants.com/Blueopp/Geranium_maculatum_page.html"><i>Geranium maculatum</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-illinois-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-illinois_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHilty2016" class="citation web cs1">Hilty, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/wild_geranium.htm">"Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum)"</a>. <i>Illinois Wildflowers</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gleason-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gleason_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleason, H. A. (1952). <i>The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada</i>, Vol. 2, page 457. Hafner Press, New York. 63-16478.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RHSPF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RHSPF_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/186784/i-Geranium-maculatum-i-Elizabeth-Ann-sup-(PBR)-sup/Details">"RHS Plantfinder - <i>Geranium maculatum</i> 'Elizabeth Ann'"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants - Ornamental"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pfaf-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pfaf_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Geranium+maculatum">"<i>Geranium maculatum</i>"</a>. <i>Plants for a Future</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Geranium maculatum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5549871" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q5549871">Q5549871</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Geranium_maculatum" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Geranium maculatum">Geranium maculatum</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=4290">4290</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2281">2281</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6KDTP">6KDTP</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/130486">130486</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GERMA">GERMA</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/germac/all.html">germac</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416589">242416589</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2890113">2890113</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=314414">314414</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47699">47699</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/322491-2">322491-2</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11092549">11092549</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29107">29107</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1406">1406</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280854">280854</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128506/">2.128506</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1663611">1663611</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3942222">3942222</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2823548">kew-2823548</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/GEMA">GEMA</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A322491-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:322491-2</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7895/wd/Details">7895</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/13900149">13900149</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6042">6042</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3698">3698</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000700788">wfo-0000700788</a></span></span></li></ul>
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